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Over 60 years ago, Ralph Fox posed a problem about knots that haunts mathematicians to this day. His question is now often formulated as the “slice-ribbon conjecture,” which posits that two seemingly distinct groups of knots are actually the same. With its suggestion of elegant simplicity within the world of knots, it’s become one of
Idea in Brief The Problem Big companies end up creating big bureaucracies, which sap their organizations of creativity, willingness to take risk, and productivity. Though many executives express the desire to stamp it out, bureaucracy is thriving. Why It Happens With its clear lines of authority, specialized units, and standardized tasks, bureaucracy promotes efficiency at…