List of languages that compile to JavaScript and many other transpilers

Table of contents

• CoffeeScript + Family & Friends
  • Family (share genes with CoffeeScript)
  • Friends (philosophically related)
• JavaScript Extensions
  • Security enforcing JavaScript
  • Static typing
  • Synchronous to Asynchronous JavaScript Compilers (CPS)
  • JavaScript Language Extensions
• Ruby
• Python
• Erlang
• Elixir
• Perl
• Java/JVM
• Scala
• C#, F#, .NET related languages
• Lisp, Scheme
  • Clojure-like
  • Scheme-like
  • Other
• OCaml
• Haskell
• Smalltalk
• C/C++
• Basic
• Pascal, Modula, Oberon
• Go
• Multitarget
• Tierless languages (produce both client & server)
• Visual programming tools
• SQL
• PHP
• Lua
• Prolog
• Others
• Tools for Compiler Writers
  • JavaScript Parsers and Extensions
  • JavaScript Optimizers
  • JavaScript Parser Generators
  • JavaScript AST, Semantics

CoffeeScript + Family & Friends

Family (share genes with CoffeeScript)

Name	Description	Last commit
Coco	A CoffeeScript dialect that aims to be more radical and practical, also acts as a test bed for features that get imported in CoffeeScript.	2014-09-28
LiveScript	A fork of Coco that is much more compatible with CoffeeScript, more functional, and with more features.	2018-11-11
IcedCoffeeScript	A CoffeeScript dialect that adds support for await and defer keywords which simplify async control flow.	2019-11-27
Parsec CoffeeScript	CS based on parser combinators. The project’s aim is to add static metaprogramming (i.e. macros + syntax extensibility) to Coffee Script (CS), similar to how Metalua adds such features to Lua. The resulting compiler, once merged with the official compiler, should be usable as a drop-in replacement for it.	2015-11-18
Contracts.coffee	A dialect of CoffeeScript that adds built-in support for contracts.	2014-08-08
Uberscript	A CoffeeScript fork that adds type annotations which are compiled to Google closure compiler type annotation comments.	2013-09-16
ToffeeScript	A dialect of CoffeeScript that support Asynchronous Syntax and Regexp operator =~	2018-04-02
Caffeine	A dialect of CoffeeScript that supports packages and classes import, useful for browser applications	2013-06-03
heap.coffee	A dialect of CoffeeScript that offers a C-like type system with manual memory management	2012-05-13
EmberScript	Ember.js-infused CoffeeScript.	2015-04-02
BlackCoffee	CoffeeScript with hygienic macros. See also #3171	2014-11-28
Storymatic	A dialect of CoffeeScript rewritten from scratch to support typed languages.	2022-06-04

Friends (philosophically related)

Name	Description	Last commit
NodeScript	JavaScript without the Variable Declarations and Semicolons	2017-11-01
Bizubee	The World’s Most Intense Programming Language!	2017-02-08
Kaffeine	Enhanced Syntax for JavaScript.	2012-08-21
Moescript	Indent-based language. The original repository at https://github.com/moescript/moescript is missing. The link is to a surviving fork.	2012-04-14
pogoscript	Language that emphasises readability, handles async control flow nicely, is friendly to domain specific languages and compiles to regular JavaScript	2015-08-11
LispyScript	A JavaScript with Lispy syntax and Macros. ○	2020-01-28
Hot Cocoa Lisp	A Lisp-like language that compiles to JavaScript. ○	2015-03-15
Sibilant	JavaScript with a lisp. ○	2017-12-20
ki	Clojure-like syntax, mori‘s immutable data structures in a few sweet.js macros. Can be intermixed with JavaScript. ○	2016-02-06
jisp	A JS-native and axiomatic Lisp that focuses on the core ideas of code-as-data, S-expressions, and macros, introducing as few new concepts as possible. ○	2015-03-20
Ham	Looks very similar to JavaScript at first, but offers (hopefully) many useful features	2013-05-27
GorillaScript	Compile-to-JavaScript language designed to empower the user while attempting to prevent some common errors, offers Macros, optional Typing, and asynchronous syntax.	2013-07-16
RedScript	Elixir-flavored JavaScript.	2018-04-04
Daonode	Functional logic solver, compiler.	2015-11-26
LiteScript	Literate, highly-readable, type annotated, imperative language that compiles to JavaScript.	2018-06-22
ColaScript	Similar to Dart, CoffeeScript, Python and PHP	2015-02-03
Taijilang	A customizable and extensible language with dynamic parser and meta language.	2015-11-27
MoonScript	MoonScript is a dynamic scripting language that compiles into Lua. The syntax of MoonScript has been heavily inspired by the syntax of CoffeeScript.	2020-02-02
Earl Grey	An extensible language with pattern matching, hygienic macros and a syntax similar to Python.	2017-08-14
Khepri	Lightweight language that reworks Javascript’s syntax to be better for untyped functional-style programming.	2015-05-16
Spider	Spider is a programming language that compiles to JavaScript (ES5 and ES6 targets). It takes the best ideas of Go, Swift, Python, C# and CoffeeScript.	2017-10-21
CirruScript	Write JavaScript with indentations and polish notations, similar to S-Expression but with fewer parentheses.	2020-01-28
TLC	Tag Line Commands is a inline macro language for calling+formatting javascript/coffeescript/livescript json output into HTML.	2015-07-26
CokeScript	Inspired by Python and Ruby that integrates natively with the Virtual-DOM library	2018-07-05
imba	Full-stack programming language for the Web that compiles to performant JavaScript	2020-02-26
Cor	Straightforward language for the Web	2016-12-11
Iode	A language inspired by Swift	2016-03-28
FutureScript	A more radical, but more readable, different new language.	2018-12-11
PearScript	Shorthanding JavaScript one more time.	2016-01-28
RamdaScript	JavaScript in the Ramda way.	2018-01-23
RoyalScript	A functional language that has loops, types, structs, and much more.	2017-03-23

JavaScript Extensions

Security enforcing JavaScript

Name	Description
Caja	Compiles ES5/strict to ES3 and supports object-capabilities
ADsafe	Client-side static verifier and API, making third party scripts safe.
Jacaranda	Static verifier supporting object-capabilities.
Dojo Secure	Framework for building secure mashups.

Static typing

NOTE: Some of the projects listed below are also statically typed, such as mobl, GWT, JSIL, NS Basic, and Haxe.

Name	Description
Dart	C/Java-like syntax with optional typing by Google.
TypeScript	Typed superset of JavaScript by Microsoft.
TeJaS	From Brown PLT. Types for JavaScript (itself).
asm.js	Subset of JavaScript that can be used as a low-level, efficient target language for compilers. Now included in Firefox.
JavaScript++	JavaScript superset with classes, type checking, among other features
Mascara	[commercial] Enhances JavaScript with powerful features like classes, namespaces and type-checking.
Roy	Tries to meld JavaScript semantics with some features common in static functional languages
Elm	Type-safe functional language that compiles to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Swym	Statically typed, with type inference and generics
Typecast.js	JavaScript platform for statically typed variables without a custom compiler.
PureScript	A small, strongly typed programming language that compiles to JavaScript and C++, featuring extensible records and effects, and type classes.
Flow	Static type checker for JavaScript, supports optional types and null checks by Facebook.
ActionScript	With Apache Royale ASJS (formerly FlexJS) – Based on ECMAScript 4, ActionScript provides typing and can be compiled to JavaScript.
ReScript	(Formerly BuckleScript) Compiles OCaml, and its syntax extension Reason, to readable JavaScript, enabling powerful static type-checking, among other features. ○

Synchronous to Asynchronous JavaScript Compilers (CPS)

Name	Description
Streamline.js	Uses underscore (_) to stand for callbacks. This fork preserves line numbers for debugging.
mobl	The new language for programming the mobile web.
StratifiedJS	JavaScript + structured concurrency.
NarrativeJS	JavaScript extension with asynchronous futures and promises.
jwacs	JavaScript With Advanced Continuation Support.
Wind.js	Wind.js is an advanced library which enable us to control flow with plain JavaScript for asynchronous programming (and more) without additional pre-compiling steps.
TameJS	Adds new keywords ‘await’ and ‘defer’
Continuation.js	A lightweight JIT compiler for simplifying asynchronous JavaScript programming with no runtime dependences. It supports both Node.js and browser-side JavaScript and is compatible with CoffeeScript (also TypeScript, and any other scripts compile to js).
Kal	Makes asynchronous programming easy and clean by allowing functions to pause and wait for I/O, replacing an awkward callback syntax with a clean, simple syntax
JSPipe	Provides JavaScript primitives to write async code without callbacks or chained functions. Inspired by Goroutines and Channels found in Go and in Clojure. For Web and NodeJS. ES5 and ES6.
promiseLand	PromiseLand is a very promising Language. It includes ES5 strict mode, uses the * dereferencing operator to access promise results and introduces additional features designed to let you focus on your program logic. Such as dynamic typesafety, frame addressing, generic load and safe features.

JavaScript Language Extensions

Name	Description
ContextJS	An implementation of Context-oriented Programming for JavaScript.
Objective-J	Shares with JavaScript the same relationship that Objective-C has with the C programming language: that of being a strict, but small, superset.
Mochiscript	Object-oriented JavaScript with syntactic sugar. Released as a Ruby gem.
jangaroo	AS3 (ActionScript) to JavaScript.
Flapjax	Event-driven, reactive evaluation.
jLang	Adds object oriented syntax, namespaces, operators overriding
Restrict Mode
TIScript	Gentle extension of JavaScript
Six	Six is a language super-set of JavaScript that enables new syntactic features from the 6th edition of ECMAScript to be used, through a transpiler, in your scripts today.
js–	JavaScript subset for interactive/visual programming.
Latte JS	Superset of JavaScript (eventually ES6), with similar goals to CoffeeScript, but keeping JS syntax.
JSX	A superset to add an XML-like syntax to represent HTML elements in React by Facebook
oj	Objective-C inspired superset of JavaScript with a tiny runtime, built-in obfuscator, and experimental type checker (courtesy of Typescript).
mfjs	Adds arbitrary side effects not already available in JavaScript. They may include but not limited to delimited continuations, asynchronous, logic, reactive, parallel, distributed and probabilistic programming. It doesn’t extend syntax so it may be used with any other language compiling to JavaScript.

Ruby

Name	Description
Opal	Ruby to JavaScript compiler.
HotRuby	Runs opcode, compiled by YARV on Ruby inside a web browser or in Flash.
ColdRuby	Compiler of Ruby 1.9 MRI bytecode, and a runtime written in JavaScript to aid in execution of Ruby code.
rb2js	Converts Ruby to JavaScript.
RubyJS	A successor to rb2js
Red	Writes like Ruby and runs like JavaScript
Quby	Used for game coding site, open source.
8ball	Ruby-to-JavaScript source-to-source transformer
Ruby2JS	Minimal yet extensible Ruby to JavaScript conversion.
ruby-parser.js	Original Ruby 2.0 parser ported to pure JavaScript, produces AST

Python

Name	Description
Pyodide	CPython, the reference Python implementation, compiled to WASM. Also includes the Python scientific stack.
PYXC-PJ	[CS friend] Python to JS. Can generate a (line/col)-number mappings file. (Dead. Last updated 8 years ago.)
Pyjamas	Python to JS.
Pyjaco	Python to JavaScript compiler with module support.
Pyjs	Python to (readable) JS.
Skulpt	Python. Client side.
PyCow	Python to MooTools JS.
PyvaScript	Python-like syntax to JavaScript.
RapydScript	JavaScript with a Pythonic syntax.
Bulbul	Python3 to JavaScript/ES6/ES7 compiler. Apparently the only Python-to-JS compiler intended to provide support for AngularJS, React, Aurelia and other modern JS libs.
Brython	Browser Python. Embed Python 3 in
PythonScript	Python-like compiled to JavaScript
pythonscript	Python compiled to readable JavaScript using the AST. (proof of concept)
Rusthon	Integrates several python to js methods into one project. Very Active. Dead since 2016. Not only for JS & Py, but also Go, C, Nim, etc.
PyPyJS	PyPy. Compiled into JavaScript using Emscripten. JIT-compiling to JavaScript at runtime.
Batavia	Run Python bytecode in the browser
Transcrypt	New Python 3.5 to JavaScript transpiler. Supports multiple inheritance, bound function assignment, selective operator overloading, highly readable JS output, sourcemaps, small downloads, fast execution using call memoizing. Integrated with closure compiler / minifier, optional static checker and fabric.js graphics lib for HTML5 canvas.
pseudo-python	A restricted python to javascript/c#/go/ruby compiler
JavaScripthon	Transpile Python3.5 to ES6 and to ES5 (with the help of BabelJS, but w/o the need for nodejs). Supports classes, generators, async functions.
PScript	Python compiled to JavaScript.

Erlang

Name	Description
Shen	First and yet smallest Erlang JavaScript Compiler based on Erlang AST. It allows you to translate Elixir, Joxa, Lol and Erlang programs to JavaScript with erlc. JavaScript/OTP subset. Has node npm package called erlang-shen-js.
LuvvieScript	A browser-based dom-scripting language that is a strict sub-set of Erlang which is AST-to-AST transpiled to JavaScript (code)
browserl	Erlang Emulator written in JavaScript

Elixir

Name	Description
ElixirScript	Converts Elixir AST to JavaScript AST to JavaScript code.

Perl

Name	Description
Perlito	Project to compile Perl 5/6 to JavaScript, Ruby, SBCL, and Go.
p2js	Perl to JavaScript converter
perl.js

Java/JVM

Name	Description
GWT	Google Web Toolkit, compiles Java to JavaScript.
Java2Script/SwingJS	Eclipse Java to JavaScript compiler plugin and JavaScript version of the Java 8 JVM for Java applets and applications, with over 2300+ Java8 OpenJDK classes, including gnu.jpdf, gov.nist.jama, java(applet, awt, beans, io, lang, math, net, nio, security, text, util), javax(imageio, net, print, sound, swing, xml), netscape(javascript), org(apache, json, unicode, xml), sun(applet, audio, awt, net, nio, reflect, security, swing, text, util), along with an extensive library of plaf (Plaform Look and Feel) for HTML5; tested successfully on over 400,000 lines of original working Java code in 2 major (150,000+ line) applications (Jmol and Jalview) 600+ applets and 1000+ web pages in multiple projects; nearly complete AWT and Swing implementations; actively developed (since 2012); requires minor Java-compatible code adjustment to handle multithreading and modal dialogs; extensive developer documentation and support; beta
j2js	Java bytecode to JavaScript.
Strongly-Typed JavaScript (STJS)	JavaScript code generator from Java source. It is built as a Maven plugin.
BicaJVM	JavaScript implementation of JVM.
Doppio	JVM interpreter on CoffeeScript.
Processing.js	A Java-based visualization language that interprets to JavaScript.
Kotlin	Statically typed programming language targeting the JVM and JavaScript.
Ceylon	A modular static-typed JVM language compilable to JavaScript.
GrooScript	A framework to convert Groovy code to JavaScript.
node-jvm	Java virtual machine in pure node.js
Bck2Brwsr	Run “browserified” Java Code in, well, the browser.
QWT	QWT consists of a Java-to-JavaScript compiler, a prepared library of Qooxdoo componente (version 0.7.x) and some other tools. Similar to GWT
TeaVM	An ahead-of-time transpiler that takes JVM bytecode and produces JavaScript.
Dragome SDK	Compiles JVM bytecode to Javascript.
JSweet	A Java to JavaScript transpiler built on top of TypeScript and giving access to hundreds of JavaScript libraries in Java.
j2cl	Compiles Java to Javascript.
Online-IDE	A java-like programming language with IDE for computer-science-education that runs inside any browser

Scala

Name	Description
Scala.js	The official Scala to JavaScript compiler
js-scala	JavaScript as an embedded DSL in Scala
scalagwt	Enhanced GWT (accepts jribble as well as Java) plus Scala to jribble.
JScala	Scala macro that produces JavaScript from Scala code.

C#, F#, .NET related languages

Name	Description
jsc	[experimental] Recompile your .NET assembly to JavaScript, ActionScript, PHP or Java.
JSIL	MSIL (.NET bytecode) to JavaScript
Script#	Compiles C# to JS.
CilJs	Translates CIL/MSIL (.NET bytecode) (C#) to JavaScript
Prefix	Defunct
Blade	Visual Studio add-on for converting C# to JavaScript
SharpKit	C# to JavaScript Cross-Compiler
Saltarelle	C# to JavaScript Compiler. Saltarelle is now part of Bridge.NET.
FunScript	F# to JavaScript compiler with JQuery etc. mappings through a TypeScript type provider
Pit	F# to JavaScript compiler
WebSharper	Lets you compile F# to JS.
NemerleWeb	Nemerle language compiled to JS.
Blue Storm	F# to JavaScript (and some other languages).
JScriptSuite	.NET to JavaScript compiler (cross browser API, client site controls and components).
DotNetWebToolkit	Toolkit providing a .NET CIL to JavaScript transcoder and Visual Studio project/debugging integration
Netjs	.NET to TypeScript and JavaScript compiler. It uses multiple stages to produce JavaScript for your web apps.
WootzJs	C# to Javascript cross-compiler built on top of Microsoft Roslyn, which handles the complex process of converting your C# code into syntax trees with symbol information
Bridge.NET	Open Source C#-to-JavaScript compiler using Microsoft Roslyn. Includes support for jQuery + many other frameworks. Developed and well supported by a professional team. Try online at Deck.NET.
Fable	F# to JavaScript Compiler

Lisp, Scheme

Clojure-like

Name	Description
ClojureScript	Clojure to JS, the official version. Supports the majority of Clojure including persistent datastructures.
ClojureJS	Subset of Clojure to JS.
Chlorinejs	A fork of ClojureJS with a port of clojure.core library.
wisp	A homoiconic JavaScript dialect with Clojure syntax, S-expressions and macros. Aims to be rich subset of Clojure(Script) that seamlessly interops with both Clojure(Script) and JavaScript. ○
Scriptjure	Library for generating JavaScript from Clojure forms.
ki	Clojure-like syntax, mori‘s immutable data structures in a few sweet.js macros. Can be intermixed with JavaScript. ○
Calcit-js	A JavaScript code generator sharing ClojureScript semantics, featured macros, immutable data, and prefix notations. However, it relies on indentation-based syntax from Cirru(Script).

Scheme-like

Name	Description
BiwaScheme	Scheme(R6RS) in JavaScript
Fargo	Scheme in JavaScript
LIPS	Scheme (R7RS) in JavaScript
Moby Scheme	A Scheme running in JS.
nconc	Scheme interpreter in JavaScript with stack-friendly tail calls and full call/cc
Scheje	A Little Scheme on Top of Clojure – compiles on Node.js and the Browser.
scheme2js	Scheme to JavaScript.
Spock	A Scheme to JavaScript compiler that uses Henry Baker’s Cheney-on-the-MTA compilation strategy
Whalesong	Racket to JS compiler
RacketScript	Lightweight Racket to JavaScript compiler. The generated code is ES6, which can be translated to ES5 using Babel or Traceur.
urlang	A nanopass compiler accepting Racket-like syntax

Other

Name	Description
eslisp	An S-expression syntax for ECMAScript/JavaScript, with Lisp-like hygienic macros that are just JS functions. Aims to be very close to JS, and highly experimental.
EdgeLisp	A Lisp in the tradition of Common Lisp
Parenscript	Subset of Common Lisp to JS.
Ralph	Lisp-1 dialect that compiles to JavaScript, inspired by Dylan
Oppo	A JavaScripter’s lisp. Inspired by JavaScript, Clojure and CoffeeScript. Compiler built using Jison.
LispyScript	A JavaScript with Lispy syntax and Macros. ○
Outlet	A simple Lisp that supports CPS and in-browser stepping debugging, and other things. In development.
Hot Cocoa Lisp	A Lisp-like language that compiles to JavaScript. ○
Sibilant	JavaScript with a lisp. ○
jisp	A JS-native and axiomatic Lisp that focuses on the core ideas of code-as-data, S-expressions, and macros, introducing as few new concepts as possible. ○
JSCL	A Lisp-to-Javascript compiler bootstrapped from Common Lisp
Lux	Statically typed, functional Lisp with an ML-like module system

OCaml

Name	Description
Ocamljs	OCaml to JS.
O’Browser	OCaml bytecode interpreter in JS.
Js_of_ocaml	OCaml bytecode to JS compiler.
ReScript	(Formerly BuckleScript) Compiles OCaml, and its syntax extension Reason, to readable JavaScript. ○

Haskell

Name	Description
UHC	(Utrecht Haskell Compiler) backend converts UHC core to JavaScript, allowing the compiling of Haskell code to JS.
ghcjs	Compile normal Haskell into JS
jmacro	Quasi-Quoted JS that you can insert Haskell values into (there is also shakespeare-js for that purpose), but also supports a more Haskellish syntactic version of JavaScript.
lambdascript	Compile a subset of Haskell into JS
YHC	(York Haskell Compiler) backend, as above but with YHC core language.
jshaskell
haste
fay	A proper subset of Haskell that compiles to JavaScript
forml	A contemporary programming language intended to approximate the safety of Haskell and the expressiveness of Ruby.

Smalltalk

Name	Description
Amber	Formerly known as Jtalk
Clamato	A Smalltalk dialect that is designed to operate within the JavaScript runtime.
Silver Smalltalk	[commercial?] Smalltalk in the browser. (Still active?)
Lively Kernel	Smalltalk/squeak-like development environment in the browser. See also Avocado, built on top of it.
Little Smallscript	Little Smalltalk to JavaScript translator.
SqueakJS	Squeak VM in Javascript
PharoJS	PharoJS is a Pharo to JavaScript compiler and infrastructure for remote test and debugging. The goal is to enable developing apps in Pharo while deploying them on top of a JavaScript engine.

C/C++

Name	Description
Emscripten	LLVM to JavaScript compiler. LLVM is “an aggressive open-source compiler for C and C++,” as well as other languages.
Cheerp	(formerly Duetto) “compiles C++ applications to binary code and JavaScript. Based and integrated into the LLVM/clang infrastructure”
maja	Vala (gobject) to JavaScript
Clue	C language compiler to different runtimes (Lua, JS, Perl 5, C, Java, CL).
LLJS	Typed dialect of JavaScript that offers a C-like type system with manual memory management
Mandreel	Can convert C++ and Objective-C applications based on OpenGL ES to JavaScript or Action Script 3 web application.
Bonsai-C	Convert C co